Abstract
Protected areas are widely recognized as one of the most effective tools for biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, however, ineffective management can impose significant social costs, particularly on communities that rely on natural resources for their livelihoods. This study investigates the dynamics of land and resource use rights, conflicts, and community perceptions in the management of the Inlay Lake Wildlife Sanctuary (ILWS), focusing on the tension between conservation priorities and local livelihood needs. Through a qualitative approach, including direct observations, key informant interviews (KII), and individual household interviews (IHH), the study reveals conflicts arising from unclear land tenure, restricted resource use, and poor communication between management authorities in the lake and local communities. While conservation efforts have contributed to increased ecosystem
goods, restrictions on traditional practices such as extension of floating gardens and fishing have created significant livelihood challenges for local communities especially due to the failure of ecotourism after Covid-19 pandemic. Key findings include a lack of formal land use certificates, inadequate participation in conservation planning, and limited access to information about the sanctuary’s management and regulations. The study argues that land and resource use rights of the Intha community are undermined by poor participatory management of the wildlife sanctuary and lack of adaptive management in response to community livelihood needs. Recommendations include enhancing community involvement in PA governance, improving communication channels, formalizing land tenure, acknowledging customary rights, and providing sustainable livelihood support programs. By aligning conservation goals with community interests and rights, both ecological and socio-economic benefits can be achieved.
